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	<title>Children Education &#187; Should</title>
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		<title>Education? N degree? s? Line &#8211; 7 things you should do right? Be? R? Ussita</title>
		<link>http://www.childreneducation.org/education-n-degree-s-line-7-things-you-should-do-right-be-r-ussita.htm</link>
		<comments>http://www.childreneducation.org/education-n-degree-s-line-7-things-you-should-do-right-be-r-ussita.htm#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:42:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Childhood Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Degree]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Line]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Right]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Should]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[things]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[ possibility? obtain a t? Title to teach? the residence? Online opened the door of? Education? n for many? students who can not afford to en? main in at the school on the campus as a? time students complete? you. course taught? s? distance of residence? definitively offers some advantages over EDUCATIONFORALL? No universit? traditional. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> possibility? obtain a t? Title to teach? the residence? Online opened the door of? Education? n for many? students who can not afford to en? main in at the school on the campus as a? time students complete? you. course taught? s? distance of residence? definitively offers some advantages over EDUCATIONFORALL? No universit? traditional. But because the m? All delivery and r? Desk? N of the mati? Re the? S? Ves should consider the 7 things n? Necessarily unique approach to the? Education? N in? Line with? R? Succeeds. </ P> 1. Choose the best education center? The Dence? Line &#8211; Do? Sure the Institute of? Education? N? Read over resources and incr? Meditation? N recognized by the authorities? S comp? Tents. Unless the authenticity? can? be v? Rifi? e, find another? school. Titles Unfortunately, the plants without ESCR? T degrees? Pulos provide? ? short-term or not EDUCATIONFORALL r? el? N. By stupid? Fore, the t? Titles are absolutely false and worthless. Find one? School that offers EDUCATIONFORALL? NS? Valid support for? Students with a broad and facilities No? Necessary? have? R? Succeeds in teaching? distance. </ P> 2. ? Evaluate co? Ts and benefits &#8211; In g? N? Eral, obtaining? No one? Education? N in? Line is a company co? Teuse. Most? A people do r? Alisent not co? T is often m? S? Education? N traditional. By stupid? Fore, it is important? Assess the level of? Education? N in? Line you want and d? Conclude whether the benefits of possibility? S revenue in the future offer? r? compensates for obtaining a Graduates me in this? line. </ P> 3. ? C? Employers Mo consider t? Title to teach? The Dence? Line? &#8211; There are many cases o? employers have ESC? On the optics? Legitimate interests? qualification of teaching? The Dence? Line. With factories? Graduates my &#8220;lot&#8221; at all? Out is a guarantee? For employers? caution. In? Pit t? Title to teach? The Dence? Line can be brought leg? Scam? Be? A tr? S? useful for the employer, if n? necessary, indicate the type of incr? meditation? n your colleagues? ge advance? avoid any misunderstanding. to? the employer knows in advance that your institution? n a? t? ? Drawn up by an institution or angels is recognized by CHEA and minist? Re the? Education? n the? United States, you? ahead in the Clasification? No work this way? ADO. </ P> 4. Discipline, d? termination, transmission, and time &#8211; learning? distance for the initial registration both? l? alternatives are surprised by the amount of discipline to stay on the t? che and complete the work in? line. in? branlable need of d? termination? n achieved? a? education? n in? line. Adem? s, no classes r? regular partners, it is essential for a good capacity? exercise of management? No time. To maintain the concentration, use, without the f? professor of music and soci? t?? eros, it is important to Media Table communication? None of the other? Students to another drive? n for success? s? in the grade-educaci? s? nea
<the n / P> 5. Use any easier? S pr? Views &#8211; the classes? line pr? seen? g? n? ally the conf? conferences online? and correspondence by mail? equipm? mail? ensure m? dias mass? n with instructors, tutors and company? ? Students eros. Take every opportunity to use the resources of motivation? No EST? mule like? of Media Table No sense of relationship with al? age or universit?. </ P> 6. Use the transfer cr? Dito &#8211; Graduates me of? Al studies? GIAL of? Many education? n in? Online tools enable? students of transf? rer their cr? Ditos course Tom? in? schools pr? c? teeth, either in? online or traditional. In doing so, means that? Students are not that? During r? p? ter they have learned before. To do this Har?, Is important for one? Students who intend? No pursue? studies? n in? line to ensure they are the transcripts and r? results of their universit? s or al? management pr? c? dente and make them available? n its universit? ? s? incr online? say? s so that you can pass for cr? Ditos transfer. </ P> 7. Take advantage of technology? ? the? education? n &#8211; l universit? s incr? say? s? Online offer a pl? tora possibility? s to research n? and other facilities necessary for the conclusion? No way. G? N? Ally, co? T library? Question virtual programs acc? S? s? conf? conferences online, and m? me acc? s of? students? s? mail accounts and online Best &#038; Nico included in the co? t training. Thus, the direction, s? must use all the technology? ? available to the m? maximum advantage of the possibilities? s d &#8216;? education in consecuci? n t? Title of education? The dance? line. </ P> </p>
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		<title>Homeschooling &#8211; Why Should I Homeschool?</title>
		<link>http://www.childreneducation.org/homeschooling-why-should-i-homeschool.htm</link>
		<comments>http://www.childreneducation.org/homeschooling-why-should-i-homeschool.htm#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Aug 2010 23:24:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Homeschooling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Homeschool]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[ Why home schooling? Why choose to do or not a personal choice, those who choose to have many different reasons. Some parents want to instill certain values, while others want to protect their children against what they see as a dangerous public school environment. Others believe they can provide more higher education than the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> Why home schooling? Why choose to do or not a personal choice, those who choose to have many different reasons. Some parents want to instill certain values, while others want to protect their children against what they see as a dangerous public school environment. Others believe they can provide more higher education than the school system can. However, the most common reason is that parents believe that homeschooling is best for their children. </p>
<p>Whatever &#8220;best&#8221; may vary from one parent to another, but it means the exclusion of certain things, and the inclusion of others. For example, children who homeschool are considered less susceptible to pressure or intimidation. In short, however, felt that home schooling can provide a better public education and private schools or the standard has been very well studied. </p>
<p>The studies, in fact, agree that education is homeschooling generally higher compared to the public or private education in the vast majority of cases. </p>
<p>As proof, we can see many examples of individual successes. The winner of the 1997 National Spelling was a student educated at home. In addition, a family of four sisters who had been educated at home went to get a master&#8217;s Ivy League university. A young woman who had been educated at home went to college and earned his master at the age of 16 years. </p>
<p>Now, critics may dismiss these accomplishments so rare and unusual, students and / or their parents were just great IQ, right? However, the number of people worldwide who have an IQ of a genius is not enough to explain the equilibrium rate of success among students educated at home in these areas. The members said that students generally are taught at home are in the 60th to the 70th percentile for age 12 years. On average, this means that these tests than students at least one grade higher than their public school peers. </p>
<p>The figures are even better for the elderly. By the time a homeschooled student comes to what is equivalent to eighth grade, the student is about four degrees ahead of their peers. This is due both to the poor performance of public schools in general, that&#8217;s set up the impressive achievements of homeschoolers. These figures, in fact, not only are provided by the proponents of home schooling, but by the U.S. Department of Education itself. </p>
<p>In short homeschooling works. Of course, most homeschooling parents know it is not easy. Parents who homeschool often experience burnout, especially when you begin. It takes a lot of work to teach young people everything they need to know education, in addition to being the father. Wait for the excellence of students and children that function in the role of the teacher requires extra effort. Therefore, emphasis is placed on parents in educational activities at home than it is in general. </p>
<p>Homeschooling in general, the parents insist that children are natural sponges for knowledge. While this may be true, many homeschooling parents, however, feel that they need to study the possibilities of curriculum, setting targets and guiding the education of their children and a myriad other tasks in the day to day. Parents who homeschool but have not received a good education also face the additional challenge to inform and educate their children. They may have to make up their own education before it can function as masters of their own children. </p>
<p>However, advocates of homeschooling say that the results are worth it. In fact, studies confirm that students educated at home are generally tight, deep thinking individuals who are ready for the challenges life can throw everything at them. </ P> </p>
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		<title>Benefits of early brain stimulation in children and what should be implemented in every American community</title>
		<link>http://www.childreneducation.org/benefits-of-early-brain-stimulation-in-children-and-what-should-be-implemented-in-every-american-community.htm</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Aug 2010 23:25:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Childhood Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[American]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Benefits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[brain]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Children]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Early]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[stimulation]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[ past four decades, there have been many studies on early brain development in children. All these studies have yielded surprising results in terms of how children learn, how their brain in childhood. These studies have also revealed the negative impact on children who do not receive adequate stimulation of the infant brain.  One [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> past four decades, there have been many studies on early brain development in children. All these studies have yielded surprising results in terms of how children learn, how their brain in childhood. These studies have also revealed the negative impact on children who do not receive adequate stimulation of the infant brain. </ P> One of the studies that have really caught my attention is the Carolina Abecedarian Project. The Carolina Abecedarian Project is an intensive program of early intervention. The project focuses on Abecedarian low income, at-risk children ages six weeks to five years. </ P> The Abecedarian Project was the result of a small group of scientists in 1966 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who is committed to improving the lives of children and their families by through research, education and other social services. The project first began Abecedarian with a group of preschoolers. The program included 111 children between 1972 and 1977. Fifty-seven children were randomized to receive early intervention center for education. The remaining fifty-four children were placed in a control group. </ P> The education program is &#8220;games&#8221; which emphasized the development of knowledge and skills in the language. For example, children&#8217;s games were age appropriate interactions between adults and children that included talking with the child, which displays photos or toys, and infants may be an opportunity to respond to its environment. The activities are individualized for each child. As children, the &#8220;games&#8221; has become more conceptual and based on qualifications, but the program always insisted on individual development. The children also received medical care at the scene of a personal pediatrician. </ P> The surprising results of the Abecedarian Project:
<p> children who participated in the program received treatment until the age of 8 years. To properly assess the benefits of the program children were followed and received follow-up assessments at the age of 12, 15. In the three years (8, 12, 15) of children who received treatment from birth to five years had higher IQ scores. These children also scored higher on achievement tests in math and reading during the years of primary and secondary. They also had lower levels of repetition and practice in special education classes. </ P> In addition, children who received the intervention scored 1. Eight years higher grades in reading and mathematics than young adults. </ P> Thirty-six percent of these children were more likely to attend four-year college, compared to only 14 percent of children who received no intervention. </ P> Twenty-six percent of children who received the intervention were less likely to have had their first child at age 18, compared to forty-five percent of children who do not received intervention. </ P> Forty-seven percent of children in the intervention were more likely to have a skilled workforce compared to only twenty-seven children who received no intervention. </ P> Other notable benefits of early intervention is that these children were less likely to smoke cigarettes, less likely to smoke marijuana than children who did not receive treatment through the program intervention. </ P> The cost of the program and the benefits of the program:
<p> The project cost approximately $ 10,000 per child per year. The project was funded by the federal dollars state and local public education. The children involved were assessed periodically up to 21 years for cognitive development, education and social education in early childhood. These children have received education in early childhood for five days a week throughout the year. </ P> Here are the surprising results of this comprehensive study: </ p> According to a conservative estimate of $ 100,000 in savings to society may be produced per child by an investment of $ 10,000 per year per child. accumulate savings in reduced spending on special education, welfare and juvenile delinquency. special education services for persons enrolled in the program were half those of a comparison group at the age of fifteen (24 per cent against 48 per cent). Children who participated received significantly higher scores in reading and math. -21 Monitoring
<p> Age found that young adults who received the educational care of children always had higher scores on tests of cognitive development, did better on tests of reading and mathematics achievement and were more likely to attend college. </ P> Forty percent were still in school, compared to 20 percent in the control group, and 65 percent were employed, compared to 50 percent in the control group. Thirty-five percent had graduated from college or were enrolled in college, against 14 percent of others. Members of the study group were on average 19 years old when his first child was born, compared to 17 in the control group.
<p> projected cost-benefit ratio was 2. 5:1. This relationship establishes that the project at no cost to taxpayers. In fact, it actually saves taxpayers money. The forecast means that for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers save about $ 2. 50. These savings from there would be less need for care costs and government education and health reduced. </ P> I intend to do much more research on the topic of early childhood development. If the results are so promising as they appear, then the African American community must make a serious effort for the development programs of the child being implemented in their respective communities, not only for some children, but for all children. </ P> </p>
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		<title>Should we and can we develop an African philosophy of education?: Pedagogy of the sagacity</title>
		<link>http://www.childreneducation.org/should-we-and-can-we-develop-an-african-philosophy-of-education-pedagogy-of-the-sagacity.htm</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Apr 2010 23:25:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Childhood Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[African]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pedagogy]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Sagacity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Should]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[MICHAEL
 Kariuki &#8211; 0721 666 098, mickariuki @ yahoo. It     can and must develop the African philosophy of education?: Pedagogy of   In 1986, Bennaars Njoroge, published philosophy and education in Africa, an introductory text for students of education. Since the publication of this book has produced an intellectual aridity [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>MICHAEL
<p> Kariuki &#8211; 0721 666 098, mickariuki @ yahoo. It </ strong> </ p> </ p> <strong> can and must develop the African philosophy of education?: Pedagogy of <sagacité / strong> </ p> In 1986, Bennaars Njoroge, published philosophy and education in Africa, an introductory text for students of education. Since the publication of this book has produced an intellectual aridity in this area of philosophy of education in Kenya. This, despite the manual is only an introduction or prologue. More important is the proposed model and is expressed in this book is designed as a conceptual framework for the development of an African philosophy of education (1986, 92). This model remained intent. </ P> My paper will argue in the affirmative, as it should be distinguished as a moral imperative and politics can not be a question of capacity. But in reality, we should develop the African philosophy of education that imperative remains elusive until we have experts with necessary academic skills. </ P> </ p> <strong> scarcity philosophers of education </ strong> </ p> Experts
<p> in the philosophy of education called educational philosophers. They should be trained in technical philosophy and science teaching. The two disciplines that are required in one. To &#8220;meet in one,&#8221; means that the philosopher of education must incorporate both the philosophy of science and technology education is an area of academic specialization. Philosopher of education is a balance between philosophy Science and Technical Education. In other words, it must have a university degree as a philosopher as a master technician and professional. </ P> </ p> Lack
<p> this session in a &#8216;these two areas is guilty of a lack of resources in this area. appoints people who are far from ideal is the teaching of this discipline. There are two categories of teachers of philosophy of education in Africa which are far from ideal. </ P> General practitioners and specialists, the first professional educators are not philosophical foundation. These are academic philosophers no professional training. Like many of Plato would be excluded and will be replaced by a philosopher of education. </ P> </ p> General
<p> doing philosophy of teaching general principles, objectives and goals of education. The philosopher of the philosophy of technical education is too abstract and irrelevant to everyday concerns of professional teachers in the school. The stand of the latter accused of speculation arm of the chair, is accused of generality. </ P> <strong> < / strong> </ p> <strong> model of African philosophy of education: Pedagogy <sagacidad / strong> </ p> <strong>; / strong> </ p> Pedagogy sagacity rests on two feet &#8211; one foot planted in the philosophy of the sage and the other in the pedagogy of the oppressed &#8211; both feet are rooted in the conceptual model for the development of African philosophy of education as formulated by Njoroge and Bennaars (1986, 88-89). </ P> <strong> </ strong> </ p> <strong> </ strong> </ p> <strong> </ strong> ; </ p> Knowing Pedagogy pedagogy sagacity or develops as an attempt to transcend the original idea of the draft Nairobi wise philosophy school. As said Gail> Presbey </ p> </ p suggest that the momentum initial project start-wise philosophy - defense against skeptics who believe the U.S. incapable of African philosophy - has been overcome. The current need for studies of the sages of Africa to benefit from his wisdom, both in Africa and the world. I also suggest that sage title "must be problematized. Although there are good reasons to focus earlier in the elderly in rural areas, neglected wise philosophers, the focus should now be on the philosophical admiration wherever they are in women, youth and urban dwellers in Africa as well. In this way, philosophy remain relevant to people's lives, and shed more light to share and experience in Africa. </ P> Gail concludes that </ p> Yes, and how, philosophy is wise and develops will be determined in part by the ideas of those who are ready to continue, their work will define the terms &#8220;wise&#8221; and &#8220;philosophy&#8221; wise in the future. </ P> Pedagogy of wisdom provided here as a possible contribution to the development of philosophy Sage in terms of philosophy of education in Africa. Njoroge and Bennaars (1986, 98) were </ p> </ p> &#8230; a basic framework in which philosophical thinking about education in Africa must be situated. In this model identified four areas of interest that reflects a specific role of each technique of philosophy, an emphasis on educational philosophy and a specific trend in African philosophy. These concerns are ethnophilosophy of Education, Phenomenology of Education in Africa, the critique of education in Africa and the philosophical analysis of education in Africa. </ P> </ p> Authors (1986, 88) suggests that it is a &#8220;regulatory framework in which to place the philosophy of education in Africa. He says (1986, 89), </ p> </ p> &#8230; Now we can establish what should be the main characteristics or concerns of the African philosophy of education, so that we can achieve a model that has the characteristics of a true philosophy of education in Africa. </ P> </ p> For this model, made two criteria or conditions must be fulfilled, namely technical and Africa. Regarding the above criteria &#8220;an African philosophy of education, to be recognized as truly technique (s) shall specify the duties and similar approaches such as philosophy of technical education&#8221; (1986, 89 ). There are four functions of the philosophy of technical knowledge, critical, rational, phenomenological and speculative (1986, 23-24).&#8217;s correspondence with these four functions, respectively, are four approaches to the philosophy of education namely, involvement, existential, critical and analytical approach (1986, 89). </ p> </ p> The second criterion or condition must be African African philosophy is &#8220;to reflect the pattern of philosophical thought in Africa (1986: 89). Njoroge and Bennaars (1986, 83-89) described four patterns of African philosophy, ethno-philosophy, cultural philosophy, political philosophy and philosophy official. Each of these trends is compensated by a corresponding function of the four technical functions of philosophy. The resulting combinations are four distinct approaches to the African philosophy of education they are ethno-philosophy coupled with the results of the speculative function of consequences approach to African philosophy of education, cultural philosophy for performance the role of existential phenomenological approach, the political philosophy associated with the results of the critical function of the critical approach and philosophy, finally, officially connected with the results of the analysis function analysis approach (1986, 89.) </ P> Therefore, we can identify &#8220;four main areas of concern which may be called the base .. . a philosophy of education in Africa. &#8220;This is ethno-philosophy of education, the phenomenology of education in Africa, the critique of education in Africa, and the philosophical analysis of the education in Africa.  [1] </ a> In the functions of Aristotelian causality technical philosophy formal causes, while trends in African philosophy are material causes. Formal and material causes are principles of co-constitutive of being important, the essence of the African philosophy of education is possible within the framework of Njoroge and Bennaars. As Wittgenstein (1981, 2. 14) &#8220;what constitutes an image is that its elements are interconnected in some way, &#8220;which is&#8221; truncated &#8220;from reality (2. 15). In a graphical form of the reality of a photograph&#8230; Attached&#8230; to reality&#8230; just reached that &#8220;if the image is the measure of what reality should be. (2. 1521). The framework Bennars Njoroge and is a measure of what must be regarded as the African philosophy of education. </ P> </ p> <media <strong> Platonic term / <strong> / p> The model proposed by Bennaars Njoroge and still has not worked in practice. This could be due to a lack of experts are &#8220;extremely rare&#8221; (1986, 78) with appropriate combinations namely, the philosophy of training and technical and vocational education (B. Ed). Further development of the educational philosophy of Africa requires expert knowledge and skills in African philosophy. The requirement that African educators philosophers in the philosophy cuts both technical experts and professionals in education (1986, 77-80) is similar to (book of Plato, Republic, V. 473d) observation that &#8221; / p> Cities
<p> not rest from evil &#8230; unless the rule philosophers kings in cities or those we now call kings and rulers and appropriate real philosophy until the study is power politics and philosophy to unite and different natures that which is currently being pursued to the exclusion of the other are forcibly prevented from doing. Otherwise we have described the city will not become an option or see the light of day. </ P> <strong> </ strong> </ p> To paraphrase Plato in Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars we can say that: Kenya will be the African philosophy of education if the teaching of philosophers and Foundations of Educational Research, or those who teach philosophy of education and philosophy proper study faith, until, that is, philosophy and technical reach of Educational Sciences African philosophers educational and academic performance different now with the exclusion of others were forcibly prohibits interference in this area. Otherwise, the proposed model of the African philosophy of education does not become a possibility or a view of daylight. Plato, in the same place offers an average, which logically connects technical philosophy and science teaching in the philosophy of education in Africa. The average African art is a philosopher who is also a professional philosopher or a scientist who integrates both technique and philosophy of the teaching profession. It is in this hope that is the opportunity to develop the philosophy of education in Africa. With so few experts can develop the African philosophy of education. </ P> </ p> <strong> pedagogy of wisdom: experience in the African philosophy of education </ strong> </ p> Of the four trends identified by the African philosophy and Bennars Njoroge wise philosophy is not included, Oruka Odera (1990, 16-17) is included as a clear trend in African philosophy. There are four trends identified by Oruka African philosophy (1990, 13 to 20), namely, ethno-philosophy, philosophical wisdom, philosophy and nationalist ideology and professional philosophy. For Oruka (1991.43) sage philosophy &#8220;is as a third alternative, which is among the popular philosophy or (ethno-philosophy) and&#8221; written speech critical &#8220;or&#8221; (Trend Pro), rational philosophy &#8220;proves that the traditional Africa was both popular and critical wisdom custom philosophical discourse. Sage philosophy is here for a phenomenological analysis in the model Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars in an attempt to develop the African philosophy of education. As the model &#8211; Njoroge Bennaars requires the African philosophy of education should be developed on points in two aspects: first, the technical method of philosophy and also a trend of African philosophy. To develop the teaching of wisdom, chose phenomenology is the technical function of philosophy, while philosophical wisdom or wise philosophy is the tendency of African philosophy, for both a new field in philosophy of education has just about Africa&#8217;s teaching of wisdom. &#8220;</ P> </ p> Banks <strong> cons <educación problem strong> / / p> Pedagogy of wisdom is influenced by the pedagogy of the oppressed. Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator, developed a tendency of philosophy of education called Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1972). Pedagogy of the Oppressed &#8220;is a tool&#8230; critical discovery&#8230; dehumanization.&#8221; The central problem of the pedagogy of the oppressed &#8220;is: How the oppressed, as divided, unauthentic beings, participate in development the pedagogy of liberation? &#8220;This pedagogy makes oppression and objects of reflection causes of the oppressed, and that reflection will come their necessary participation in the liberation struggle. And in the struggle this pedagogy will be made and remade&#8221; (1972, 25). Pedagogy of the Oppressed is a critique of traditional pedagogy, which focuses on the teacher, the teacher plays the dominant role, while the students are passive. In traditional pedagogy Freire identified two dialectical oppositions, the oppressors &#8211; which happen to be teachers and the oppressed &#8211; who happen to be students. The teacher is in a dialectical opposition to the student whose case the teacher has the knowledge, but lacks the knowledge of students is expected tabula rasa. Freire uses the analogy of the banking industry to present ten teaching contradictory attitudes and practices that reflect the oppressive society as a whole &#8220;(1972, 46-47). The teacher acts as the bank employee &#8220;for the use of&#8221; banking methods of domination. &#8220;Freire institutes a change of educational paradigm that replaces&#8221; the educational goal of deposit-making. . . problems with the approach of men in their relations with the world &#8220;(1972.52). This is called liberating education, which &#8220;consists in acts of cognition, not transferrals Information (1972.53). The &#8220;problem of practice, education begins with a resolution of the contradiction between teacher and student. Dialogical relations &#8211; indispensable to the cognitive capacity of actors to cooperate in the perception of the object itself admissible &#8211; would be impossible&#8221; (1972 , 53). Iconoclasm Bank education allows freedom for &#8220;critical reflection of teachers and students resulting in&#8221; The emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality. (1972, 53-54). To test Bank of education&#8230; y&#8230; is wrong with education &#8220;Freire (1972, 56-57states </ p> </ p> &#8230; the two concepts and teaching practices that conflict is analyzed. attempts bank training, by mythologizing reality, education, to conceal certain facts which explain the manner of men in the world, problems of method itself the task of de-mythologizing. banking education resists dialogue, the problematize education regards dialogue is essential for the acts of cognition that reveals the reality. banking education are treated as objects of assistance, problems of education makes the approach of critical thinkers. The banking education inhibits creativity and domestication of the intentionality of consciousness by isolating consciousness of the world, depriving men of their ontological and historical vocation to be more fully human. </ p> </ p>
<p Freire is the total rejection of banking education means for the emancipation of "authoritarianism and alienating intellectualism" starts with people "in the here and now", which is the situation in which they are submerged, d where they exit .... This should really see their condition, and not as a mortal challenge and unalterable, but merely as a limitation - and so. "(1972, 57-58) </ p> </ p> Pedagogy of wisdom is an attempt to develop the African philosophy of education. This is a critical reflection of the capacity of education in Africa, as Freire says critical thinking is also an action in meaning that &#8220;action and reflection occur simultaneously&#8221; (1972, 99). </ p> <strong>, two types of &#8220;Elders </ strong> </ p> Oruka Odera (1991; 34) identifies two types of researchers in Africa, namely the popular philosophical and wise sage. </ p> Accessories
<p> in Kenya show that there are two main divisions of the philosophy of the sage. The One is that the sage&#8217;s thought, but well informed and educated, can not go beyond the conventional wisdom famous. This can not be good ability or inclination to pursue his own opposition to independent critical popular belief. It is, therefore, a popular scholar in contrast to the latter type of sage, rational philosophy. The first is a master of wisdom while the second is an expert in the teaching of wisdom. </ p> </ p> A wise man can know philosophically, as the wise do what the cardinal beliefs and wisdom of their community are, but it makes an independent evaluation and critique of what people take for granted. Thus, while the wisdom of the wise is maintained at the first order of philosophy, philosophy of the sage is a philosophy of second order, which is a reflection and a rational assessment of what is given in the first order. What is given in the first order is a mixture of customary beliefs and practices cum-classical. </ p> </ p> Oruka (1991: 37) believes that &#8220;it and be wise, even among Africans with modern education, For example, Nyerere. To be wise, he must be wise and able to use that wisdom to the benefit of the community. &#8220;Concern is no good research to say that wisdom is, by definition, philosophy, philosophy, but to consider the wisdom, ie to achieve their recovery. &#8220;In this match, the philosopher and the sage has the same function: it uses the abstract reasoning to understand and resolve the fundamental issues Life &#8220;(1991, 41). Oruka Odera (1991, 34) conducted their research project in Kenya.&#8221; One of the main objectives is to find traces of philosophy or philosophy in African traditional Tell the good life &#8230;. &#8230;. The exposure value of such thoughts is yet another important goal of scientific research &#8220;(1991, 41). But Without the most important project means wise men &#8216;to help support or reject the application knows that the real philosophical thinking &#8220;has no place in traditional Africa.&#8221; This statement implies that the existence &#8220;of modern philosophy in Africa is entirely due to the introduction of Western thought in Africa &#8220;(1991, 34). Invalidation of this statement can not be set if traditional African philosophical wisdom has been well received. The project was a success for the wise philosophical identified (those teaching wisdom) Kenya, while distinguishing them from popular science (people with wisdom) (1991, 33-34). </ p> This European bias is reflected in the work of J Mullin (1965), which was intended to be an attempt to establish guidelines for the Christian ministry &#8230; in modern Africa &#8220;(1965, 3). Mullin (1965, 32-33) <strong> </ strong mentality> Africa contrasts with European mentality says> <strong> </ strong> </ p> Africa
<p> methods are not discursive reasoning, the syllogism does not know who thinks induction rather than deduction, nor his analytical thinking He is intuitive and synthetic &#8230;. It&#8217;s a different mentality of Europe and be respected as such &#8230;. One consequence of this circular is a form of thinking, a collection of impressions, a sense of the track before reaching the heart of a problem &#8230;. One of the most important consequences is the rule of the concrete in his thinking on the abstract and teachers of the institutions of man &#8230;. European Trained deductive thinking, communicating ideas in a way impossible for African states to absorb. They do not agree with his reasoning. <strong> </ strong> </ p> As the wise philosopher is dedicated Educational wise, people wise is devoted to the narration. philosophical wisdom is often &#8220;a good and thoughtful reassessment of the philosophy of culture. The number of researchers who have the propensity to make a philosophical critical evaluation of their culture and their underlying beliefs. &#8220;They use the power of reason to produce&#8221; a system within a system, and order in order &#8220;(1991, 49). Folk wisdom is the philosophy of the first order of culture. &#8220;It is absolute in his ideas and claims of truth and is an ideological war with anything otherwise.&#8221; folk wisdom &#8220;are specialists in accounting and maintenance of this order &#8230;. His explanations or thoughts does not go beyond the premises and conclusions given by the dominant culture &#8220;(1991, 49). wise philosophical critical thinking on the philosophy of the first order of culture. It is&#8221; a rebellion against critics of conformity first order and anachronism. &#8220;While the first order online community glorifies the philosophical wisdom is skeptical &#8230; who uses reason to evaluate it. The first order is purely ideological and absolutist, the second order is generally open and rational. His truths are indicative and ratiocinative message, not as God sent &#8211; (1991, 49). more contrast between the wise has two (1991, 36) </ p> Conventional wisdom is poured into culture in public places, customs and beliefs of its people. He can say or describe them with skills more. However, it is unable to raise critical questions about them, which is not capable of respect the inherent contradictions. The wise philosopher, like the conventional wisdom, which can also be poured into the beliefs and values of their society. Its main task is to make a critical assessment of them and recommend, insofar as the Community pressure can beliefs and values that are passed to rational control. The folk wisdom is identified by its consistent inability to isolate his own opinions and beliefs of the community&#8217;s inclination ready to hide behind non-conventional wisdom addressed wherever it is intellectually. The rational philosophy, however, is clearly able to isolate the beliefs of the community given its own assessment, rationalization, and even criticism of those beliefs. It is also able to enjoy a game or intellectual dialectics with the interviewer. </ p> </ p characterization> Mullin of African thought is a false generalization collapses at the thought of African wisdom. They are not capable of wise philosophical syllogistic reasoning in Africa, both in pre-literate and illiterate. &#8220;There is no wisdom that the two companies pre-literate and illiterate&#8221; (Oruka 1991, 37). To be a wise man not necessarily be
<philosophiques / Pedagogy P> <strong> <sagacidad / strong> </ p> Pedagogy of the phenomenological method uses the wisdom of philosophy anayze two types of teachers according to the paradigms Oruka the two scholars, popular philosophical and wise. It is an attempt to realize Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars (1986) model or framework for the development philosophy of African education. </ p> < ; / p> <strong> Folkes teacher <Maestro to philosophical / <strong> / p> With the use of the phenomenological analysis we can draw conclusions from the two sages. philosophical point-wise for a teacher is essential and allows students to think for themselves. Use the student-centered pedagogy. His classroom is a community of researchers, their role is student midwives in their search for solutions to problems. room class relates to real life problems. Folkes Folkes-points-wise teacher who merely recycle old lecture notes. No notes dictate update for students who are supposed to be passive recipients. These teachers not to criticize the theories and practices. They are authoritarian and Its goal is to make students memorize notes to pass exams. The teacher questions and not fear self-criticism. A racist teacher uses the banking education, while teaching the philosophical pedagogy uses problem solving. </ strong p> In the film Ms. Sarafina Masumbuko illustrates philosophical gadfly teacher who is itching to students dare to think it is extremely difficult received traditions. The wise Regeneration and women students as enlightened and emancipated student program that demystifies the active laminate disinfected. A teacher who has replaced his teacher is an example of folk. It can at best account authorized to impose and popularize education that apartheid is overwhelming for African students. The master sends prepackaged mechanically fossilized ideas uncritically. It is a dogmatic teacher unemancipated oppressive dominant pedagogy of white supremacy in South Africa of apartheid . </ p> <strong> Conclusion </ strong> </ p> model Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars is useful in the development of African philosophy of education. Pedagógica wisdom is a product of this model and proves be pragmatic and relevant to the African philosophy of education. persists in higher education in Africa, where rational philosophy must be explored and logical conclusions can be drawn for improving teaching and learning in the philosophy of Education in Africa, particularly Kenya. Sabio philosophy provides a conceptual framework for the educational philosophy of production not only in Africa but also in any other place where the critical analysis of theory and educational practice will take place. It is a proposal from management as possible, among others, where the Wise philosophy can be relevant beyond the original concern is Oruka. recalls possible contributions Sage Philosophy (in the Department of Philosophy) Philosophy of Education (the Ministry of Education Foundations). </ p> <strong> </ strong> </ p> <strong> <; / strong> </ p> <strong> Bibliography </ strong> </ p> P Freire (1972) <strong> </ strong Pedagogy> oppressed <strong> / strong> Myra Bergman Ramos reflected, Middlesex: Penguin Books. <strong> </ strong> </ p> <strong> </ strong> </ p> Mullin, J. (1965) Catholic Church in modern Africa, a pastoral theology, London: Geoffrey Chapman. &#8221; / p> </ p>
<p Njoroge - Bennaars (1986) Philosophy and Education in Africa: an introductory text for students of education. Nairobi: TransAfrica. </ p> O Odera (1990) Trends in African philosophy of contemporary culture. Nairobi: Shirikon </ p> ________ (1991) Sage Philosophy, Indigenous thinkers and modern debate on African philosophy. Nairobi: ACTS </ p> < strong> </ strong> </ p> </ p> <a rel = &#8220;nofollow&#8221; onclick = &#8220;javascript: pageTracker. _trackPageview (&#8217;/ outgoing / article_exit_link&#8217;);&#8221; href = &#8220;http:// </p>
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		<title>Homeschooling &#8211; Why Should You Homeschool?</title>
		<link>http://www.childreneducation.org/homeschooling-why-should-you-homeschool.htm</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 23:26:55 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Why should you homeschool? Why you opt to do so, or not, is a personal choice; those who choose to do so have many different reasons.  Some parents want to instill certain values, while others want to protect their children from what they see as an unsafe public school environment.  Still others think [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Why should you homeschool? Why you opt to do so, or not, is a personal choice; those who choose to do so have many different reasons.  Some parents want to instill certain values, while others want to protect their children from what they see as an unsafe public school environment.  Still others think that they can provide a more superior education than the school system can.  However, the most common reason is that parents simply think homeschooling is better for their children. &#13;<br />
Just what &#8220;better&#8221; means can vary from parent to parent, but it means the exclusion of certain things as well as the inclusion of others.  For instance, children who homeschool are seen as being less susceptible to peer pressure or bullying.  Simply put, however, the opinion that homeschooling can provide a better education versus that of public or standard private schools has been quite well researched. &#13;<br />
Studies, in fact, agree that homeschooling is generally educationally superior versus public or private schooling in the vast majority of cases. &#13;<br />
For proof, we can look at many individual success stories.  The winner of the 1997 national spelling bee was a homeschooled student.  In addition, one family of four sisters who had all been homeschooled went on to get Master&#8217;s degrees from an Ivy League college.  One young lady who had been homeschooled went to college and got her Master&#8217;s degree by age 16. &#13;<br />
Now, detractors might dismiss such achievements as rare and unusual; the students and/or their parents were simply of genius IQ, right? However, the number of people in the world who have a genius IQ is not high enough to account for the steady rate of success among homeschooled students in these areas.  Members have said in general the students who are homeschooled are in the 60th to 70th percentiles by the age of 12.  On average, this means that these students test at least a grade ahead of their public school peers. &#13;<br />
The numbers are even better for older students.  By the time a homeschooled student reaches what is the equivalent of eighth grade, that student is roughly four grades ahead of his or her peers.  This is as much due to the poor results public school generally provides as it is to the impressive accomplishments of homeschoolers.  These numbers, in fact, are not just provided by those who advocate homeschooling, but by the US Department of Education itself. &#13;<br />
Simply put, homeschooling works.  Of course, most homeschooling parents know that this is not easy.  Parents who homeschool often experience burnout, especially when they&#8217;re just starting out.  It takes a lot of work to teach young people everything they need to know educationally, in addition to being the parent.  To expect excellence from one&#8217;s children as students and function in the role of teacher takes extra effort.  Therefore, the focus is on the parent in homeschooling efforts even more so than it is in general. &#13;<br />
Homeschooling parents in general insist that children are natural sponges for knowledge.  Although this may be true, many homeschooling parents nonetheless feel that they need to research curriculum options, define goals, and guide their children&#8217;s education, as well as a myriad of other tasks on a day-to-day basis.  Parents who homeschool but who have not been well educated themselves also face the additional challenge of educating themselves even as they educate their children.  They may have to catch up on their own educations before they can truly function as teachers for their own children. &#13;<br />
Nonetheless, homeschooling advocates say that the results are worth the effort.  Indeed, studies bear this out, as homeschooled students are usually well-adjusted, deep thinking individuals who are ready for whatever challenges life may throw at them.  </p>
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		<title>Why Should Parents be Involved in Early Childhood Education?</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 23:44:58 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Parents are the primary teachers in a child’s life, especially from birth to age six when a child’s brain develops faster than at any other time in her life.  This is one of the main reasons why it’s important for parental involvement to continue when your child starts a Brookline infant care program.  [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Parents are the primary teachers in a child’s life, especially from birth to age six when a child’s brain develops faster than at any other time in her life.  This is one of the main reasons why it’s important for parental involvement to continue when your child starts a Brookline infant care program.  This is also true as they enter child day care in Brookline, and later, a preschool in Brookline.  In fact, research strongly suggests that children whose parents are involved during the crucial development stages of preschool and the early school years, often experience academic success later on.  Additionally, studies indicate that when parents are involved in their child’s early educational experiences, say, at a Brookline preschool, they tend to be more satisfied with their academic performance in elementary school and beyond with higher aspirations for their child.  Being involved in your child’s early education experiences at their Brookline preschool or Brookline childcare center benefits both you and your child, not just academically, strengthening skill development for instance, but by strengthening parent child bonds and making the transition between leaving home and attending a preschool in Brookline easier for the child.  Staying involved in your child’s early educational experience in a preschool in Brookline or Brookline childcare center also shows your child that learning is important and that you take a strong interest in her education.  Equally important perhaps, is the message that he is part of a larger community beyond the family unit and it helps form positive partnerships between schools and families, and within the families themselves.  Fortunately, parents can stay involved when their Brookline infant attends child day care in Brookline or their toddler heads off to a preschool in Brookline in a number of ways, from being a classroom helper to reading to your child at night and talking to your child about the school day.  As a parent of a child attending Brookline childcare or a Brookline preschool, becoming involved also benefits you by providing opportunities to interact with your child’s teacher or caregiver on a regular basis and gives you a better understanding of your child’s daily activities.  It’s also a chance to meet and network with other parents at the Brookline childcare center your children attend together, and enables parents to gain insight into what school life will be like in the future years for their child.  </p>
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		<title>Should You Homeschool Your Children?</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Dec 2009 23:22:10 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[The ability to home school your child has many positive aspects, probably one of the biggest being the ability to give each child very specific, individualized, one on one attention.  Another plus for home schooling vs public school your own child is that the child doesn’t have to deal with many of the negative peer [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The ability to home school your child has many positive aspects, probably one of the biggest being the ability to give each child very specific, individualized, one on one attention.  Another plus for home schooling vs public school your own child is that the child doesn’t have to deal with many of the negative peer pressure issues that are so often associated with the entire public school system.  In my own experience I feel I must also tell you that there are a few negative aspects that can go with home schooling as well, such as, the lack of social skills and the feelings of being on the outside looking in that many a home schooled child may develop.  In some ways one may feel that going to public or private school is best for most children, because many children need to feel a part of things, and going to regular public school gives many children the social skills needed to be a part of the world.  These children get to experience their prom and other things in life that they may not get to experience being home schooled.  In many ways I feel that both home school and private school has its negatives and positives but for the most part one my feel that public school is best.  Here’s why: home school doesn’t help you learn as many social skills and other skills the way public or private school does – you can possibly miss many of these opportunities when you’re home schooled.  However this can be over come via homeschool groups and co-curricular activities and clubs.  Be home schooled, you can also learn things in a different way than others and that can sometimes be a good thing, but in other ways you can also miss out on certain things.  Over all I think its just a personal choice that a parent has to make for their own child but they should make it with open eyes – not just for protective reasons.  The best idea is to make a choice that’s best for your child well being and education.  Homeschooling vs public school.  Think about it for yourself, take your time and you too can decide whether or not home schooling is right for you – and for your children.   For further information,advice and resources visit http://www. homeschoolingvspublicschool. info </p>
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		<title>Should We And Can We Develop An African Philosophy Of Education?: Pedagogy Of Sagacity</title>
		<link>http://www.childreneducation.org/should-we-and-can-we-develop-an-african-philosophy-of-education-pedagogy-of-sagacity.htm</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 23:50:12 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[MICHAEL KARIUKI &#8211; 0721 666 098, mickariuki@yahoo. com    Should we and can we develop an African philosophy of education?: Pedagogy of Sagacity In 1986, Njoroge and Bennaars, published Philosophy and education in Africa; an introductory text for students of education.  Since the publication of this textbook there has been an intellectual aridity [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>MICHAEL KARIUKI &#8211; 0721 666 098, mickariuki@yahoo. com    Should we and can we develop an African philosophy of education?: Pedagogy of Sagacity In 1986, Njoroge and Bennaars, published Philosophy and education in Africa; an introductory text for students of education.  Since the publication of this textbook there has been an intellectual aridity in this area of educational philosophizing in Kenya.  This is in spite of the said textbook being merely introductory or prolegomenon.  More importantly is the model proposed and formulated in this textbook intended as a conceptual framework for developing an African philosophy of education (1986; 92).  This model has remained un-attempted.   My paper will argue in the affirmative while distinguishing should as a non-moral normative imperative and can as a question of ability.  While indeed we should develop African philosophy of education this imperative remains unachievable until we have experts with requisite scholarly abilities.    Problem of shortage of educational philosophers Experts in philosophy of education are called educational philosophers.  They should be trained in technical philosophy and educational sciences.  The two disciplines must meet in one.  To &#8216;meet in one,&#8217; means that an educational philosopher should integrate both technical philosophy and educational sciences as an integral area of academic specialization.  Educational philosopher is the middle term between technical philosophy and educational sciences.  In other words one should have academic qualification as a technical philosopher and as a trained professional teacher.    Lack of this &#8216;meeting in one&#8217; of the two areas is to blame for lack of resources in this area.  It means persons who are lesser than the ideal are teaching this discipline.  There are two types of categories of teachers of philosophy of education in Africa who are lesser than the ideal.  The generalists and the specialists, the former are professional educators without philosophical footing.  The latter are academic philosophers without educational training.  Both as Plato would say must be debarred and be made to give way for educational philosopher.    Generalists make philosophy of education be about general principles, aims and goals of education.  The technical philosopher makes philosophy of education too abstract and unrelated to everyday concerns of professional teacher in schooling.  The latter stand accused of arm chair speculation, the latter stands accused of generality.     The model of African philosophy of education: Pedagogy of sagacity    Pedagogy of Sagacity stands on two feet &#8211; one foot is planted in Sage philosophy and the other in Pedagogy of Oppressed &#8211; both feet are rooted in the conceptual model for developing African philosophy of education as articulated by Njoroge and Bennaars (1986, 88-89).           Pedagogy of Sagacity or Sagacious Pedagogy is developed as an attempt to transcend the original impetus of the project of Sage philosophy of Nairobi School.  As Gail Presbey states,   I suggest that the original impetus for starting the sage philosophy project &#8211; the defense against Euro-American skeptics who thought Africans incapable of philosophizing &#8211; has been outgrown.  The present need for studies of African sages is to benefit from their wisdom, both in Africa and around the world.  I also suggest that the title &#8217;sage&#8217; has to be problematized.  While there were good reasons to focus earlier on rural elders as overlooked wise philosophers, the emphasis now should be on admiring philosophical thought wherever it may be found-in women, youth, and urban Africans as well.  In such a way, philosophy will be further relevant to people&#8217;s lives, and further light will be shed and shared regarding the lived experience in Africa.  Gail concludes by pointing out that Whether, and in what way, sage philosophy continues and grows will be determined in part by the ideas of those who have the will to continue it; their works will help define the terms &#8220;sage&#8221; and &#8220;sage philosophy&#8221; in the future.  Pedagogy of Sagacity is contemplated here as a possible contribution to the development of Sage philosophy in terms of African philosophy of education.  Njoroge and Bennaars (1986, 98) have formulated   . . . a basic framework within which philosophical thinking about African education must be located.  Within this model we identified four distinct areas of concern each reflecting a specific function of Technical Philosophy, a specific approach in educational Philosophy and a specific trend in African Philosophy.  These areas of concern are: the Ethnophilosophy of Education, the Phenomenology of African Education, the Critique of African Education and the Philosophical analysis of African Education.    The authors (1986, 88) intend this to be a normative &#8216;framework within which to locate educational philosophy in Africa. &#8216; Thus they state that (1986, 89),   . . . we can now establish what ought to be the major features or concerns of an African Philosophy of Education; thus we may arrive at a MODEL that brings out the specific features of a truly African Philosophy of Education.    For this model to be realized two criteria or conditions must be fulfilled, namely technical and African.  As regards the former criterion &#8216;an African Philosophy of Education, to be recognized as truly technical, (it) must display similar functions and approaches as the Technical Philosophy of Education&#8217; (1986, 89).  There are four functions of technical philosophy namely, critical, rational, phenomenological and speculative (1986, 23-24).  Corresponding to these four functions respectively are four approaches to philosophy of education namely, implicational, existential, critical and analytical approaches (1986, 89).    With regard to the second criterion or condition African philosophy must be African that is &#8216;it must reflect the trends characteristic of philosophical thinking in Africa&#8217; (1986, 89).  Njoroge and Bennaars (1986, 83-89) have delineated four trends in African philosophy namely, ethno-philosophy, cultural philosophy, political philosophy and formal philosophy.  Each of these trends is paired with a corresponding function from the four technical functions of philosophy.  The resulting combinations are four distinct approaches to African philosophy of education these are; ethno-philosophy paired with speculative function results in implications approach in African philosophy of education; cultural philosophy paired with phenomenological function results in existential approach; political philosophy paired with critical function results in critical approach; and lastly formal philosophy paired with analytical function results in analytical approach (1986, 89).  We can therefore identify &#8216;four major areas of concern, which may be called the basis . . .  of a truly African Philosophy of Education. &#8216; These are ethno-philosophy of education; phenomenology of African education; critique of African education; and philosophical analysis of African education. [1] In Aristotelian causality technical functions of philosophy are the formal causes while trends in African philosophy are the material causes.  Formal and material causes are co-constitutive principles of substantial being, the substance of African philosophy of education is possible within the framework of Njoroge and Bennaars.  As Wittgenstein states (1981;2. 14) &#8216;what constitutes a picture is that its elements are related to one another in a determinate way,&#8217; this is &#8216;the pictorial form&#8217; of reality (2. 15).  In a pictorial form of reality &#8216;a picture . . .  attached . . .  to reality . . .  reaches right out to it&#8217; so that the picture is the measure of what reality should be.  (2. 1521).  The framework of Njoroge and Bennars is the measure of what is to be regarded as African philosophy of education.    Platonic middle term The model proposed by Njoroge and Bennaars has not yet been worked out in practice.  This could be due to lack of experts who are &#8216;extremely rare&#8217; (1986;78) with the right combinations namely, training in technical philosophy and training as professional educators (B. Ed).  Further still development of African educational philosophy requires experts with knowledge and skill in African philosophy.  The requirement that African philosophers of educators be doubled edged experts in technical philosophy and professional educators (1986; 77-80) is akin to Plato&#8217;s (Republic Book, V.  473d) observation that Cities will have no respite from evil . . .  unless philosophers rule as kings in the cities, or those whom we now call kings and rulers genuinely and adequately study philosophy, until, that is, political power and philosophy coalesce, and the various natures of those who now pursue the one to the exclusion of the other are forcibly debarred from doing so.  Otherwise the city we have been describing will never grow into a possibility or see the light of day.     To paraphrase Plato in the framework of Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars we can state that: Kenya will have no African philosophy of education unless philosophers teach and research in educational foundations, or those who teach philosophy of education genuinely and adequately study philosophy; until, that is, technical philosophy and educational sciences coalesce in African educational philosophers and the various scholars who now pursue one to the exclusion of the other are forcibly debarred from meddling in this area.  Otherwise the proposed model of African philosophy of education will never develop into a possibility or see the light of day.  Plato in the cited place provides a middle term which logically links technical philosophy and educational sciences in philosophy of education in Africa.  The middle term is a technical African philosopher who is also a professional philosopher i. e.  a scholar who integrates both technical philosophy and educational profession.  It is from such a one that hope lies for possibility of developing an African philosophy of education.  With such rare experts we can develop African philosophy of education.    Pedagogy of Sagacity: Thought Experiment on African Philosophy of education Of the four trends in African philosophy identified by Njoroge and Bennars Sage Philosophy is not included, yet Odera Oruka (1990;16-17) includes it as a distinct trend in African philosophy.  There are four trends in African philosophy identified by Oruka (1990, 13 &#8211; 20) namely, ethno-philosophy, philosophic sagacity, nationalist-ideological philosophy and professional philosophy.  For Oruka (1991,43) &#8217;sage philosophy comes as a third alternative&#8217; it lies between folk philosophy or (ethno-philosophy) and &#8216;the written critical discourse&#8217; or  (professional trend); sage philosophy &#8216;demonstrates the fact that traditional Africa had both folk wisdom and critical personalized philosophical discourse. &#8216; Sage philosophy is here subjected to phenomenological analysis within the model of Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars in attempt to develop African philosophy of education.  As the model of Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars requires African philosophy of education should be worked out on two-fold points, firstly, technical method of philosophy and secondly a trend in African philosophy.  To develop pedagogy of sagacity, phenomenology is the opted technical function of philosophy while philosophic sagacity or sage philosophy is the trend in African philosophy; from these two a new area in African educational philosophy arises namely, pedagogy of sagacity.    Banking versus problem-posing education Pedagogy of sagacity is influenced by pedagogy of the oppressed.  Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educationist developed a trend in philosophy of education called pedagogy of the oppressed (1972).  Pedagogy of the oppressed &#8216;is an instrument for . . .  critical discovery . . .  of dehumanization&#8217;.  &#8216;The central problem&#8217; of pedagogy of the oppressed &#8216;is this: How can the oppressed, as divided, unauthentic beings, participate in developing the pedagogy of their liberation?&#8217; &#8216;This pedagogy makes oppression and its causes objects of reflection by the oppressed, and from that reflection will come their necessary engagement in the struggle for their liberation.  And in the struggle this pedagogy will be made and remade&#8217; (1972, 25).  Pedagogy of the oppressed is a critique of traditional pedagogy that is teacher-centered; the teacher assumes the dominant role while the learners are passive.  In traditional pedagogy Freire identified two dialectically opposed poles, the oppressors &#8211; who happen to be teachers, and the oppressed &#8211; who happen to be learners.  The teacher is in a dialectical opposition to the learner in which case the teacher has-knowledge but the learner has-not knowledge, he is assumed to be tabula rasa.  Freire employs analogy of the banking industry to expose ten contradictory pedagogical &#8216;attitudes and practices, which mirror oppressive society as a whole&#8217; (1972, 46-47).  The teacher acts as the &#8216;bank-clerk&#8217; by use of &#8216;banking methods of domination&#8217;.  Freire institutes a pedagogical paradigm shift where he replaces &#8216;the educational goal of deposit-making . . . with the posing of problems of men in their relations with the world&#8217; (1972,52).  This is also called liberating education which &#8216;consists in acts of cognition, not transferrals of information&#8217; (1972,53).  The &#8216;practice of problem-posing education first of all demands a resolution of the teacher-student contradiction.  Dialogical relations &#8211; indispensable to the capacity of cognitive actors to cooperate in perceiving the same cognizable object &#8211; are otherwise impossible&#8217; (1972, 53).  Iconoclasm of banking education allows freedom for &#8216;the critical reflection of both teacher and students&#8217; this leads to &#8216;emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality. &#8216; (1972, 53-54). To contrast &#8216;banking education . . .  and . . .  problem-posing education&#8217; Freire (1972;56-57states   . . .  the two educational concepts and practices under analysis come into conflict.  Banking education attempts, by mythicizing reality, to conceal certain facts which explain the way men exist in the world; problem-posing education sets itself the task of de-mythologizing.  Banking education resists dialogue; problem-posing education regards dialogue as indispensable to the acts of cognition which unveils reality.  Banking education treats students as objects of assistance; problem-posing education makes them critical thinkers.  Banking education inhibits creativity and domesticates the intentionality of consciousness by isolating consciousness from the world, thereby denying men their ontological and historical vocation of becoming more fully human.    Freire is in total rejection of banking education the means for emancipation from &#8216;authoritarianism and an alienating intellectualism&#8217; is to begin with people &#8216;in the &#8216;here and now&#8217;, which constitutes the situation in which they are submerged, from which they emerge. . . .  To do this authentically they must perceive their state not as fated and unalterable, but merely as limiting &#8211; and therefore challenging. &#8216; (1972;57-58)   Pedagogy of sagacity is an attempt to develop African philosophy of education.   It is a critical reflection on possibility of African pedagogy, as Freire notes &#8216;critical reflection is also action&#8217; in the sense that &#8216;action and reflection occur simultaneously&#8217; (1972, 99).  Two Typologies of Sages Odera Oruka (1991; 34) identifies two types of sages in Africa, namely, folk sage and philosophic sage.  Findings in Kenya show that there are two main divisions of sage philosophy.  One is that of the sage whose thought, though well informed and educative, fails to go beyond the celebrated folk-wisdom.  Such a sage may not have the ability or inclination to apply his own independent critical objection to folk beliefs.  He is, therefore, a folk sage in contrast to the second type of the sage, the philosophic sage.  The former is a master of popular wisdom while the latter is an expert in didactic wisdom.    The philosophic sage may know, as the folk sage does, what the cardinal beliefs and wisdoms of his community are, but he makes an independent, critical assessment to what the people take for granted.  Thus, while the sagacity of the folk sage remains at the first order level of philosophy, that of the philosophic sage is a second-order philosophy, that is a reflection on and a rationalized evaluation of what is given in the first order.  What is given in the first order is a mixture of conventional-cum-customary beliefs and practices.    Oruka (1991, 37) believes that &#8216;There are and there will be sages even among Africans with modern education&#8217; for instance Nyerere.  To be a sage one needs &#8216;to be wise and able to utilize that wisdom for the benefit of one&#8217;s community. &#8216; &#8216;The concern in the sage research is not to claim that sagacity is, by definition, philosophy but to look for philosophy within sagacity, that is, to get to their overlap.   &#8217;Within this overlap, both the philosopher and the wise man have the same function: they employ abstract reasoning for the understanding and solution of the basic questions of human life&#8217; (1991, 41).  Odera Oruka (1991, 34) carried out his research project in Kenya.  &#8216;One major aim is to look for philosophy or traces of philosophy in traditional Africa. . . . by talking to the living sages. . . .  Exposing the value of such thoughts is again one other important aim of the sage research&#8217; (1991, 41).  However, most importantly the sage project was meant &#8216;to help substantiate or disapprove the well-known claim that &#8216;real philosophical thought&#8217; had no place in traditional Africa. &#8216; This claim implied that &#8216;existence of philosophy in modern Africa is due wholly to the introduction of western thought to Africa&#8217; (1991, 34).  The invalidation of this claim could only be established if traditional Africa was found to host philosophic sages.  The project was successful for it identified philosophic sages (individuals with didactic wisdom) in Kenya while distinguishing them from folk sages (individuals with popular wisdom) (1991, 33-34).  This European prejudice is reflected in the work of Mullin J (1965) which was meant to be an attempt &#8216;to lay down guide-lines for the . . .  Christian apostolate in modern Africa&#8217; (1965, 3).  Mullin (1965, 32-33) contrasts African mentality with European mentality he states:  The African&#8217;s reasoning methods are not discursive; he knows nothing of the syllogism, he thinks inductively rather than deductively; nor is his thinking analytic: it is intuitive and synthetic . . . .  This is a mentality different from the European, and to be respected as such . . . .  One consequence of it is a circular manner of thinking, a collecting of impressions, a feeling of the way before coming to the kernel of a problem . . . .  A more important consequence is the primacy in his thought of the concrete over the abstract; and the human over the institutional . . . .  European teachers, trained in deductive thought, pass on ideas in a way impossible for the African to assimilate.  They do not square with his reasoning&#8217;.   While the philosophic sage engages in sagacious didactics, the folk sage engages in narration.  Philosophic sagacity is often &#8216;a product and a reflective re-evaluation of the culture philosophy.  The few sages who possess the philosophic inclination make a critical assessment of their culture and its underlying beliefs. &#8216; They use power of reason to produce &#8216;a system within a system, and order within an order&#8217; (1991, 49).  Folk sagacity is first order culture philosophy.  &#8216;It is absolute in its ideas and truth claims and has an ideological war with anything to the contrary. &#8216; Folk sages &#8216;are specialists in explaining and maintaining this order. . . .  Their explanations or thought do not go beyond the premises and conclusions given by the prevailing culture&#8217; (1991, 49).  Philosophic sage is critical reflection on the first order philosophy of culture.  It is &#8216;a critical rebellion against the first order conformity and anachronism&#8217;.  While the first order glorifies the communal conformity, philosophic sagacity is skeptical. . . it employs reason to assess it.  The first order is purely absolutist and ideological, the second order is generally open-minded and rationalistic.  Its truths are given as tentative and ratiocinative, not as God-sent message (1991, 49).  Further contrast between the two sage includes (1991, 36) The folk sage is versed in the common-place culture, customs and beliefs of his people.  He can recite or describe them with much competence.   However, he is unable to raise any critical question about them, nor is he able to observe the inherent contradictions.  The philosophic sage, like the folk sage, may equally be versed in the beliefs and values of his society.  His main task is to make critical assessment of them and recommend, as far as the communal pressure allows, only those beliefs and values that pass his rational scrutiny.  The folk-sage is identifiable by his consistent inability to isolate his own opinion from the beliefs of the community and his ready inclination to take refuge behind the popular unexamined wisdom wherever he is intellectually challenged.  The philosophic sage, on the other hand, is clearly able to isolate the given beliefs of the community from his own evaluation, rationalization and even criticism of those beliefs.  He is also able to enjoy a dialectical or intellectual game with the interviewer.    Mullin&#8217;s characterization of African mentality is a fallacious generalization which collapses African thought to folk sagacity.  There are philosophic sages capable of syllogistic reasoning in Africa both in literate and pre-literate societies.  &#8216;There is possibility for sagacity both in pre-literate and literate societies&#8217; (Oruka 1991, 37).  To be a sage is not necessarily to be philosophic Pedagogy of sagacity Pedagogy of sagacity uses phenomenological method of philosophy to anayze two typologies of teachers based on the paradigms of Oruka&#8217;s two sages, philosophic and folk sages.  This is in attempt to fructify Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars (1986) model or conceptual framework for developing African Philosophy of education.    Folkish teacher versus philosophic teacher By use of phenomenological analysis we can draw implications from the two sages.  Philosophic-sage points to a teacher who is critical and empowers learners to think for themselves.  He uses student-centered pedagogy.  His classroom is community of researchers; his role is to midwife students in their search for solution to problems.  Classroom is related to real life problems.  Folkish-sage points to folkish-teachers who merely recycle old lecture notes.  They do not update themselves they dictate notes to learners who are expected to be passive recipients.  Such teachers fail to criticize educational theories and practices.  They are authoritarian and aim at making learners memorize notes in order to pass examinations.  Such a teacher fears questions and fails in self-criticism.  The folkish-teacher uses banking pedagogy, while philosophic-teacher uses problem-solving pedagogy.  In the movie Sarafina Mrs.  Masumbuka exemplifies philosophic-teacher who is gadfly that stings learners to dare to think, that is to critically question the received traditions.  She midwifes regeneration of learners as enlightened and emancipated active learners who demystifies the stratified sanitized syllabus.  The teacher who replaces her is an example of folkish teacher.  He can at best impose and popularize authorized apartheid pedagogical narrative which  is oppressive to the African students.  That teacher mechanically transmits fossilized pre-packaged ideas without critical reflection.  This is a dogmatic teacher who fails to emancipate himself from dominant oppressive pedagogy of white supremacist in apartheid South Africa.  Conclusion Model by Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars is useful in developing African philosophy of education.  Pedagogical Sagacity is a product of that model and proves that it is pragmatic and relevant to African philosophy of education.  There remains more areas in education in Africa where sage Philosophy needs to be explored and logical conclusions be drawn to improve teaching/learning in philosophy of education in Africa, Kenya in particular.  Sage Philosophy furnishes a productive conceptual framework for educational philosophizing not only in Africa but also anywhere else where critical analysis of pedagogical theory and practice is to be carried out.  This is a proposal of one possible direction among others where Sage Philosophy can be relevant beyond Oruka&#8217;s original concern.  It points at possible contributions of Sage Philosophy (in department of Philosophy) to educational philosophy (in department of Educational Foundations).        Bibliography Freire P, (1972) Pedagogy of the oppressed, translated by Myra Bergman Ramos, Middlesex: Penguin Books.      Mullin, J.  (1965) The Catholic Church in Modern Africa, a pastoral Theology, London: Geoffrey Chapman.    Njoroge &#8211; Bennaars (1986) Philosophy and education in Africa: An introductory text for students of education.  Nairobi: Transafrica.  Odera O, (1990) Trends in Contemporary African Philosophy.  Nairobi: Shirikon ________  (1991) Sage Philosophy; indigenous thinkers and modern debate on African Philosophy.  Nairobi: ACTS        </p>
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